Preparation of tanshinone Ⅱ_A-glycyrrhetinic acid solid lipid nanoparticles and its inhibitory effect on acne / 中国中药杂志

The optimal prescription of tanshinone Ⅱ_A(TSN)-glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) solid lipid nanoparticles(GT-SLNs) was explored and evaluated in vivo and in vitro, and its effect on acne after oral administration was investigated. The preparation processing and prescription were optimized and verified by single factor and response surface methodology. The in vitro release of GA and TSN in GT-SLNs was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC). The effect of GT-SLNs on acne was investigated by the levels of sex hormones in mice, ear swelling model, and tissue changes in sebaceous glands, and the pharmacokinetics was evaluated. The 24-hour cumulative release rates of GA and TSN in SLNs were 65.87%±5.63% and 36.13%±2.31% respectively. After oral administration of GT-SLNs and the mixture of GA and TSN(GT-Mix), the AUC_(0-t) and AUC_(0-∞) of TSN in GT-SLNs were 1.98 times and 4.77 times those in the GT-Mix group, respectively, and the peak concentration of TSN in the GT-SLNs group was 17.2 times that in the GT-Mix group. After intragastric administration of GT-SLNs, the serum levels of testosterone(T) and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol(T/E2) in the GT-SLNs group significantly declined, and the sebaceous glands of mice were atrophied to a certain extent. The results demonstrated that obtained GT-SLNs with good encapsulation efficiency and uniform particle size could promote the release of GA and TSN. GT-SLNs displayed therapeutic efficacy on acne manifested by androgen increase, abnormal sebaceous gland secretion, and inflammatory damage.

China experts' consensus on preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatments of malocclusions of children / 华西口腔医学杂志

Malocclusion is one of the three most common oral diseases reported by World Health Organization(WHO). In China, its incidence rate is rising. Malocclusion seriously affects the dental and maxillofacial function, facial appearance and growth development of nearly 260 million children in China, and what is more, it affects their physical and mental health development. Malocclusion occurrence is related to genetic and environmental factors. Early treatment of malocclusion can create a good dental and maxillofacial development environment, correct abnormal growth and control the adverse effects of abnormal genetic factors. It can effectively reduce the prevalence of children's malocclusion and enhance their physical and mental health. This is an urgent need from the economic perspective of our society, so it has great practical and social significance. Experts from the project group "standard diagnose and treatment protocols for early orthodontic intervention of malocclusions of children" which initiated by China National Health Institute of Hospital Administration wrote the "China Experts' Consensus on Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Treatments of Malocclusions of Children", which aims to guide and popularize the clinical practice, improve the clinical theory and practice level, and accelerate the disciplinary development of early treatment of children's malocclusion in China. The consensus elaborates the harmfulness of malocclusion and the necessity of early treatment, and brings up the principles and fundamental contents. Based on the law of dental and maxillofacial development, this paper puts forward the guiding suggestions of preventive and interceptive treatments in different stages of dental development ranging from fetus to early permanent dentition. It is a systematic project to promote and standardize the early treatment of malocclusion. Through scientific and comprehensive stratified clinical practice and professional training, the clinical system of early treatment of malocclusion in China will eventually be perfected, so as to comprehensively care for children's dental and maxillofacial health, and improve their oral and physical health in China.

Diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia in newborns and infants / 华西口腔医学杂志

Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition characterized by a short lingual frenulum, which may result in the restriction of tongue movement and function. Considerable controversy regarding the diagnosis, clinical significance, and management of the condition remains, and great variations in practice have been recorded. Indeed, attitudes toward ankyloglossia differ among professional groups, and opinions may vary remarkably even among those within the same specialty. This article reviews the embryology, genetics, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment of ankyloglossia to help physicians better understand and treat the condition.

Association between general self-efficacy and HIV-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed man who have sex with man / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the association between general self-efficacy (GSES) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing. Methods HIV testing was conducted among MSM who met the inclusion criteria in Beijing from April 2013 to April 2014. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among newly HIV-diagnosed MSM. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between general self-efficacy and HIV-related stigma among newly HIV-diagnosed MSM. Results Of the 367 newly HIV-diagnosed MSM, the general self-efficacy score of was (31.5±6.3) and the HIV-related stigma score was (26.9±20.9). Multiple linear regression showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, general self-efficacy was negativly associated with HIV-related stigma (GSES was continuous variable β=-0.010, P=0.022; GSES was dichotomous variable β=-0.117, P=0.028 ). Conclusions The newly HIV-diagnosed MSM face the problem of HIV-related stigma. For newly HIV-diagnosed MSM, higher self-efficacy helps reduce HIV-related stigma.

Behavioral Risk Profile of Men Who Have Sex with Men in Beijing, China: Results from a Cross-sectional Survey with Randomized Response Techniques / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Anonymous questionnaires or direct interviews have been frequently used to study their behavior. The aim of the study was to describe the behavioral risk profile of the MSM in Beijing using the randomized response techniques (RRTs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional survey of sexual behavior among a sample of MSM was conducted in two HIV counseling and testing clinics in Beijing. The survey was carried out with an anonymous questionnaire containing sensitive questions on sexual behavior. To obtain the honest responses to the sensitive questions, three distinctive RRTs were used in the questionnaire: (1) Additive randomized response model for quantitative questions, (2) randomized response model for multiple choice questions, and (3) Simmons randomized response model for binomial questions. Formulae for the point estimate, variance, and confidence interval (CI) were provided for each specific model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Using RRTs in a sample of 659 participants, the mean age at first homosexual encounter was estimated to be 21.7 years (95% CI: 21.2-22.2), and each had sex with about three (2.9, 95% CI: 2.4-3.4) male partners on average in the past month. The estimated rate for consistent condom use was 56.4% (95% CI: 50.1-62.8%). In addition, condom was estimated to be used among 80.0% (95% CI: 74.1-85.9%) of the population during last anal sex with a male partner.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our study employed RRTs in a survey containing questions on sexual behavior among MSM, and the results showed that RRT might be a useful tool to obtain truthful feedback on sensitive information such as sexual behavior from the respondents, especially in traditional Chinese cultural settings.</p>

Simultaneous Determination of 34 Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Oil by QuEChERS-on-line Gel Permeation Chromatography-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A method for the simultaneous determination of 34 pesticides in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil was developed. The samples were extracted and purified by a modified QuEChERS method, and then the supernatant was analyzed by on-line gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GPC-GC-MS ) . The linear range was from 0 . 01 to 0 . 2 mg/L with a good correlation coefficients ( r≥0. 9913). The average recoveries of 31 pesticides (except p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT. For detail, please reference to section 3 . 6 ) ranged from 70 . 3% to 115 . 4%, 69 . 5% to 112 . 6% and 70 . 2% to 116 . 1%spiked at 0. 05 μg/g and 0. 1 μg/g with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) less than 13. 3%, 13. 5% and 12. 1% in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples, respectively. The LODs of this method ranged from 0. 0692 to 2. 28, 0. 0559 to 2. 01 and 0. 0584 to 2. 14μg/kg (S/N=3) in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil samples respectively. The convenient operation and versatility of this method are suitable for the fast screening and detection of 34 pesticide residues in sunflower oil, soybean oil and corn oil.

Intestinal lymphatic transport of matrine from two self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems assessed by triple single pass intestinal perfusion approach in rats / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences of two matrine (MA) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) in intestinal lymphatic transport. METHODS: Triple single pass intestinal perfusion model (T-SPIP) was established to study the intestinal absorption kinetics of MA in different absorption segments of rats with chylomicron flow blocking approach using colchicine as the blocker. The concentration of MA in the perfustae was measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The two SNEDDSs had regular spherical surface and narrow particle size distribution. MA showed high Peff. The phospholipid complex formulation (MPC-SN) exhibited higher intestinal lymphatic transport especially in distal ileum, and it was influenced more significantly by the chylomicron flow blocker in distal ileum compared to in proximal jejunum and mid-small intestine. CONCLUSION: SNEDDS can improve the absorption of MA by intestinal lymphatic transport. MPC-SN might be easier to be absorbed via lymphatic transport because of its high lipophilicity and small particle size.

Genetic characteristics of viral quasispecies of HIV-1 CRF07_BC among intravenous drug users / 病毒学报

To explore the genetic characteristics of viral quasispecies in HIV-1 CRF07_BC infections among intravenous drug users (IDU), the gp120 fragments of HIV-1 env gene were amplified from plasma samples collected from 6 CRF07_BC infected persons using single genome amplification and sequencing (SGA/ SGS) method, and 11 to 28 sequences were obtained from these samples, respectively, A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was reconstructed to describe the genetic characteristics of viral quasispecies. The Simplot, segments' phylogenetic trees and diversity plots based on average pairwise distance (APD) were used to identify the recombination events between quasispecies. The SGA sequences derived from single specimen formed a large monophyletic cluster in the neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and showed the complex topologic structures of viral quasispecies. Of the 6 CRF07_BC infected patients, only one possessed the high genetic homogeneity, whereas the other five individuals showed high heterogeneity, with two to four subclusters inside the monophyletic cluster for each specimen. In addition, the recombinant events were identified among viral quasispecies from 3 cases. The results show SGA technique and phylogenetic analyses are useful tool to investigate the intrahost CRF07_BC gp120 complex quasispecies variation and high genetic diversity.

Enhancement of intestinal permeability of Quercetin by nanostructured lipid carriers / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate biological characteristics and uptake mechanism of Quercetin-nanostructured lipid carriers (Q-S) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Quercetin suspension (Q-X), quercetin-phospholipid complex (Q-L) and nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with quercetin (Q-S) were prepared. Then the intestinal permeability of these three formulations were studied using in situ rat intestinal perfusion, followed by in vivo relative oral bioavailability studies. In addition, in vitro cellular uptake of quercetin from Q-S in a time and concentration-dependent were carried out. To elucidate the uptake mechanism(s) from Q-S, Q-L and Q-X contribution of NPCILI carrier-mediated uptake, endocytosis and passive permeability were investigated. RESULTS: In situ studies demonstrated Q-S has 14-fold higher permeability than Q-X and 3-fold than Q-L. In vivo studies showed Q-S relative oral bioavailability is increased dramatically (Fr=4.6), meanwhile, no significant increased for Q-L compared with Q-X. Consistent with in situ results, in vitro time and concentration-dependent studies revealed quercetin uptake from Q-S was obviously higher than Q-X and Q-L. In vitro mechanistic characterization showed that the reduced contribution of NPCILI to the transport and passive diffusion enhancement of quercetin are primary explanations for its enhanced uptake from Q-S. CONCLUSION: Quercetin can enhance oral bioavailability attributed to enhance passive permeability and reduce transport of NPCILI formed nanostructured lipid carriers.

Loss to follow-up and associated factors in a cohort study among men who have sex with men / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the associated factors on loss to follow-up among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a prospective cohort study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We recruited eligible HIV-negative MSM at baseline in eight cities from June to October 2009. Interviewer-administrated questionnaire and blood testings for HIV, syphilis and human simplex virus type 2, were accomplished upon enrollment, 6-month and 12-month follow-up visits in the program. Loss to follow-up was recorded at each visit in this cohort. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to examine the associated factors on loss to follow-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 3196 eligible MSM were enrolled at the baseline study. During one year of follow-up, 894 (28.0%) of them dropped out thoroughly while 2302 (72.1%) showed up at least on one visit. Factors as MSM who were at age 25 or younger, resided locally less than 1 year, being unemployed, self-recognized as heterosexuality or bisexuality, never taking HIV testing in the past year, having had sex with women in the past 6 months etc., were more likely to withdraw from the follow-up visits. Conclusion Age, length of residency, sex orientation and history of HIV testing were associated with the loss of follow-up among MSM cohort in our study. These factors should be considered in this kind of study design in the future.</p>

Study on the incidence of HIV and associated risk factors through a prospective cohort among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the dynamic change and associated risk factors of HIV sero-conversion rate in Beijing.Methods 809 sero-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) were recruited in the cohort from August to December in 2009.HIV sero-antibody,medicinal examination and behavior questionnaire interview were carried out every six months.Results 962 MSM with overall baseline prevalence of HIV infection as 6.34％ (61/962) together with 809 seronegative MSM,were enrolled in the cohort.Of the 809 sero-negative participants,95.1％ (769/809),85.5％ ( 692/809 ) and 71.0％ ( 574/809 ) of them were retained in the 6-month,12-month and 18- month follow-up visits,with 19,29 and 17 of them became HIV sero-conversion at 6-month,12-month,and 18-month follow-up visits and the HIV incidence rates appeared to be 5.47,12.37 and 6.86 per 100 person-years respectively.The HIV incidence was 7.59 per 100 person-years in the 18 months follow-up visit.Factors including:younger than 25-years old (HR =2.32,95％CI:1.39-3.87),having more than 8 MSM partners (HR=2.50,95％CI:1.49-4.20),less than RMB 2000 Yuan every month income (HR=1.76,95％CI:1.06-2.95 ),having more than 4 homosexual partners in the last six months (HR=3.50,95％ CI:2.11 -5.81 ),showing phimosis and redundant prepuce (HR=2.47,95％ CI:1.50-4.07 ) as well as positive syphilis test (HR=2.62,95％CI:1.53-4.49) etc.,were significantly associated with HIV incidence.Conclusion High HIV incidence was shown among MSM in Beijing and had spread fast in this population,calling for more favorable prevention measures to be taken.

Incidence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis seroconversion among men who have sex with men in Beijing / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the incidence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis seroconversion among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 550 MSM were recruited on the basis of community and followed up after 6 and 12 months in Beijing. Each subject was investigated by only one investigator at one time to collect information on demographics and behaviors. Blood samples were collected to test HIV and syphilis seroconversion. ELISA was used for screening test, west blotting (WB) and Particle agglutination were used for confirmatory test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 550 MSM investigated, among which 4.5% (25/550) were HIV-positive and 29.3% (161/550) were syphilis-positive. For 525 HIV-negative MSM, 87.0% (457/525) retained during the 12-month investigation. Seroincidence for HIV and syphilis were 3.37/100 person-years (95%CI = 1.66 - 5.08) and 9.32/100 person-years (95%CI = 5.87 - 12.77) respectively. HIV seroconversions for those who performed and did not perform rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months were 7.11/100 and 0.76/100 person-years respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months (HR = 9.23, 95%CI = 2.08 - 40.88) was significantly associated with HIV seroconversion. Syphilis seroconversions for those who met male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses in the past 3 months were 41.77/100 and 7.97/100 person-years respectively. Syphilis seroconversions for those who performed and did not perform rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past 3 months were 16.17/100 and 4.92/100 person-years respectively. In the past 3 months, meeting male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses (HR = 4.67, 95%CI = 1.77 - 12.34) and performing rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse (HR = 3.09, 95%CI = 1.40 - 6.83) were significantly associated with syphilis seroconversion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The seroconversions of HIV and syphilis during the follow-up visits in this MSM cohort study in Beijing were very serious, and that the associated factors for seroconversions were rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse and meeting male sex partners in parks, public washrooms or bathhouses.</p>

Early and long-term results of combined cardiac surgery and neoplastic resection in patients with concomitant severe heart disease and neoplasms / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>It is a surgical dilemma when patients present with both severe heart disease and neoplasms. The best surgical treatment remains controversial. This study aimed to analyze the early and long-term results of simultaneous surgical treatment of severe heart disease and neoplasms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reviewed the clinical records of 15 patients who underwent simultaneous neoplastic resection and cardiac surgery between September 2006 and January 2011. There were 5 male and 10 female patients. The mean age was (59.2 ± 12.5) years and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was (57.4 ± 11.0)%. All patients were followed up completely for a period of 12 to 51 months (mean, (33.1 ± 11.2) months).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifteen patients underwent simultaneous cardiac surgery and neoplastic resection. Cardiac procedures consisted of off pump coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 7), aortic valve replacement (n = 3), mitral valve replacement (n = 3), mitral valve replacement with coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 1) and left atrial myxoma resection (n = 1). Neoplastic resection consisted of lung cancer resection (n = 5), colonic cancer resection (n = 3), gallbladder resection (n = 1), colonic cancer resection with gallbladder resection (n = 1), hysterectomy (n = 2), hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (n = 2) and left ovariectomy (n = 1). Pathological examination confirmed malignant disease in 10 patients and benign disease in 5 patients. There were no perioperative myocardial infarctions, stroke, pericardial tamponade, renal failure or hospital deaths. The most frequent complications were atrial fibrillation (33.3%), pneumonia (26.7%), low cardiac output syndrome (6.7%) and delayed healing of surgical wounds (6.7%). There was 1 late death 42 months after surgery for recurrent malignant disease. At 1 and 3 years, survival rates were 100% (Kaplan-Meier method).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Simultaneous cardiac surgery and neoplastic resection was not associated with increased early or late morbidity or mortality. Cardiopulmonary bypass does not appear to adversely affect survival in patients with malignant disease. The long-term survival was determined by tumor stage.</p>

The prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance and associated factors in AIDS patients receiving HAART in Zhecheng county, Henan province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance and its main factors in AIDS patients receiving to HAART in Zhecheng county, Henan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By cross-sectional survey, 378 AIDS patients who had received the national free antiretroviral therapy from July 2003 to March 2009 in Zhecheng county of Henan were selected. All recruits were interviewed and blood samples were collected. HIV-1 viral loads were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, HIV genotypic resistance was determined by an in-house polymerase chain reaction to amplify the HIV-1 pol gene region.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 378 subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of successful viral suppression was 42.9% (162/378), and HIV-1 drug resistance was detected in 47.1% (178/378) patients. The rate of resistance-associated mutations to non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) was 46.6% (176/378), 37.8% (143/378) and 1.9% (7/378), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors associated with the prevalence of drug resistance included drug non-adherence (ratio of on-time drug intake in the past month < 90%:≥ 90% = 64.5% (40/62):43.7% (138/316), OR = 2.3, 95%CI: 1.3 - 4.1), and initiation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) with didanosine (DDI) (ART with DDI:ART with lamivudine (3TC) = 53.3% (137/257):33.9% (41/121), OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.1 - 4.5).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among ART patients in Zhecheng county of Henan was high. Drug non-adherence and initiation of ART with DDI were the main factors of drug resistance.</p>

Drug resistance and associated factors on HIV in Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the HIV drug resistance among HIV/AIDS patients who had received highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAATR) in Liangshan prefecture and related factors.Methods This investigation was conducted from August to October 2010.Data on epidemiology,treatment,CD4 + T cell,viral load and drug resistance tests were collected.Results 233 (73.50％) had a viral load of ＜ 1000 copy/ml,with the median CD4+T cell count as 329 cell/μl.26 samples appeared to be drug resistant,with the rate as 8.20％.Among 84 patients with antiviral therapy failure,the overall drug resistance rate was 30.95％(26/84).While 24 (28.57％) were resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs.Among nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI),7 (8.33％) were resistant.1 (1.19％) had protease inhibitor (PI)resistance mutations identified.Factors that significantly associated with drug resistance would include:being injecting drug users (A OR =3.37,95 ％ CI:1.06-10.66,P =0.0390),having had chronic diarrhea ＞1 month (AOR=8.38,95％ CI:1.87-37.69,P=0.0055),having had CD4+T cell＜200(AOR=3.48,95％CI:1.29-9.39,P=0.0139),being residents from Butuo area (AOR=17.68,95％ CI:4.97-62.86,P＜0.0001 ).When comparing with other areas,data from Butuo showed that people who carried Yi ethnicity (AOR=17.35,95％ CI:2.01-149.73,P=0.0095) and were literate (having had primary or higher levels of education) (AOR=0.18,95％ CI:0.08-0.42,P＜0.0001 ),being married or having cohabited relations (AOR=8.17,95％ CI:2.35-28.39,P=0.001 ) were found to be less adherent (AOR=0.05,95％ CI:0.02-0.13,P＜0.0001) to the treatment.Conclusion Successful antiviral outcomes were seen among those AIDS patients under treatment,in Liangshan prefecture.Resistance rates were significantly different in regions.For IDUs,enforcement on subjects including prevention on drug resistance,adherence to HAART and treatment for drug addiction should be strengthened and programs being integrated.

Analysis of gag-specific IFN-gamma secretion responses in HIV-1 B/C recombinant infectors / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To characterize the Gag-Specific T lymphocyte responses and identify immunodominant region recognized in Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C infectors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>10 antiretroviral treatment (ART) naive HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C infectors with infected time in 1 year, 25 ART-naive infectors with infected time > 3 years and 10 HIV-1-seronegative healthy individuals were enrolled. HIV-1-specific T lymphocyte responses were analyzed by an IFN-gamma Elispot assay against 123 overlapping peptides spanning HIV-1 Gag protein in the present study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Gag-specific T lymphocyte responses of interferon-gamma secretion were identified in 8(8/10) Chinese HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/ C infectors with infected time in 1 year, the specific T lymphocytes are mainly targeted at five seperated peptides. Responses were identified in 17(68%) infectors with infected time more than 3 years, the specific T lymphocytes are mainly targeted at one peptide in p17 and six in p24. There was obviously positive correlation (P = 0.0318, r = 0.519) between the magnitude of responses and viremia in infectors infected time > 3 years. The magnitude of response in infectors infected in 1 year was significantly higher than group infected time > 3 years (P = 0.021). None of healthy individuals produced positive responses.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HIV-1 recombinant subtype B/C Infectors at different stages of diseases recognize different region of gag.</p>

Analysis on the relationship between condom social norms and unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of and factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse(UAI)among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods Five hundred MSM were recruited for a survey using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)method, from September to October in 2009. A computer-assisted, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather information including demographics, sexual behaviors and condom use social norms(a scaled number). Variables were evaluated by using RDSAT and SAS software.Results Mean age of the participants was 30.6 years, with 96.0% of them as Han ethnicity and68.5% having had at least high school or higher education level. 72.8% of them were unmarried, with 61.7% of them identified themselves as homosexual, 61.2% had ＞ 1 male partners in the past six months, and the prevalence of UAI was 42.0%. Significant bivariate predictors of UAI would include condom use social norms score, role for anal sex with male sex partner, number of male sexual partners in the past 6 months and amount of alcohol consumed. In multivariable analysis, UAI was associated with a higher condom use social norms score(AOR= 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1-1.3), receptive anal intercourse(AOR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3-3.2)and drinking alcohol more than 3 times per month in the past 12 months(AOR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.5). Conclusion The prevalence of UAI was high in the MSM community in Beijing, suggesting that efforts should be targeting on how to make the condom use a social norm and being promoted.

Study on the relationship between behavioral factors,psychological status and HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the prevalence and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing. Methods A sample of 550 MSM was recruited between March and June in 2008 in Beijing. Interviewer-administered interviews were conducted to collect information on demographics and behaviors. Blood samples were collected to test for HIV,syphilis,HBsAg and HCV infections. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to identify risk factors associated with HIV infection. Results Of the 550 eligible MSM surveyed,HIV prevalence appeared to be 4.5% (25/550). Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that factors as reporting unprotected anal intercourse with causal male sexual partners in the last month (X~2=11.381,P=0.001),rectal douching after homosexual anal intercourse in the past three months (X~2=5.326,P=0.021),feeling sad in the last month (X~2=8.809,P=0.003) were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion Health education on safer sex behavior and mental health care should be taken to hinder the speed of HIV transmission among MSM.

Expression of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) protein and Ki-67 in transformed epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and significance of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) and Ki-67 in transformed epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Every second generation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human embryo lung fibroblasts (WI-38) were exposed to 100 µg/ml Yunnan tin mine dust for 72 h, until the ninth generation. The cells were subsequently co-cultured from the 11th generation. Experimental setup: B group, B (W) group, B (W 100) group, B100 group, B100 (W) group, B100 (W100) group. The expressions of FHIT and Ki-67 in epithelial cells were determined by the method of immunocytochemistry at the 16th, 26th and 36th generation. The percentage of Ki-67 positive cells was calculated as proliferation index.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of FHIT was observed in BEAS-2B cells. The expression levels of FHIT among B group, B (W) group and B (W 100) group had not instinctive difference. At the 16th generation, the expression of FHIT in the B100 group was decreased compared with that in the B group and the expression of FHIT between B100 (W) group and B100 (W100) group was lower than that in the B100 group. At the 26th generation, the expression of FHIT was decreased compared with that at the 16th generation in the B100, B100 (W) and B100 (W100) groups. However, At the 36th generation, positive expression were observed again in the B100, B100 (W) and B100 (W100) groups and the expression levels were in incremental order. At the 16th, 26th and 36th generation, the proliferation indexes of B group, B (W) group and B (W 100) group were all < 3%. The proliferation indexes of B100, B100 (W) and B100 (W100) were increased step by step with the generation elongation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FHIT could be a target at which Yunnan tin mine dust induces transformation of BEAS-2B cells. The proliferation activation of BEAS-2B cells can be improved by Yunnan tin mine dust.</p>

HIV-specific IL-2(+) and/or IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T cell responses during chronic HIV-1 infection in former blood donors / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Conflicting data have been generated from previous studies to determine which kind of relationship exists between HIV-1 specific CD8 Tcell responses and HIV-1 viral load or CD4 count over the course of infection. In this study, 153 HIV-1 infected LTNPs were enrolled to investigate the role of HIV-1 specific CD8 T-cell responses in chronic HIV-1 infection among HIV-1 infected former blood donors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The patients were stratified into three groups according to CD4 count: CD4≥500 cells/μL; 350 cells/μL≤CD4<500 cells/μL; CD4<350 cells/μL. PBMCs were isolated from the patients' anticoagulated blood samples. IL-2 and IFN-γ secretions of CD 8 T cells against 17 HIV-1 consensus B full peptide pools were analyzed by using ICS assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An overall inverse correlation were observed between CD4 count and plasma viral load. Although no significant difference was observed during the comparisons of frequency/breadth of HIV-1 specific CD8 T cell responses, CD4 count stratification analysis showed that different correlation pattern existed in three strata: as for patients whose CD4 counts were less than 350 cells/μL, no significant correlations were identified between frequency/breadth of HIV-1 specific CD8 T cell responses and CD4 count/viral load; as for patients whose CD4 counts ranged from 350 cells/μL to 500 cells/μL, significant correlation was only observed between the response breadth of IL-2+IFN-γ+ CD8 T cells and CD4 count; however, as for patients whose CD4 counts were more than 500 cells/μL, direct correlations were identified between IL-2+IFN-γ+/IL-2+/IFN-γ+ CD8 T cells and viral load or CD4 count.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Universal consistent inverse correlation was only indentified between CD4 count and viral load. The relationship between HIV-1 specific CD8 T cell responses and CD4 count/viral load varied in different CD4 strata, which showed that better preserved CD4 T cells were correlated with better CD8 T cell functions.</p>